Building owners and applicants for state fire and safety permits in Vermont generally will want to meet safety code requirements when they know up front what the requirements are and the reason behind the requirements. To assist everyone involved in understanding the code and the reasons behind the code requirements, the Division of Fire Safety posts code highlights providing technical assistance on selected sections of the code, provides code information sheets with detailed direction to understand the code, presents numerous seminars for firefighters, building owners, design and construction professionals and prepares various brochures and guides in addition to the code documents. The code documents themselves contain valuable information in the annex to each code.

The first contact with the Fire Safety Division by a building owner is often when applying for a construction permit. After the application for a proposed construction project is received, the plans for the project are reviewed as a proactive step to identify any potential problems or code violations. The review occurs prior to the actual construction of the building when it is easier and less expensive to make changes in the project. Significant or complex projects may start out with a consultation meeting or preliminary review with Division staff.

Historic buildings may also benefit from a preliminary review; helping to identify significant historic fabric and also integrates operational and building construction features. The preliminary meeting or inspection usually does not cover all aspects of the proposed project but covers major issues and assists in developing plans based on solid concepts.

The Chief Fire Prevention Officer is available to answer any technical or administrative questions and will assist in developing solutions to problems regardless of the complexity of an issue. Assistance is available for people who are just getting started in the planning process, have special concerns with technical problems, are working with sensitive issues in historic buildings or have run into problems during the permit process. In addition, each Regional Manager has been designated to assist and facilitate projects that are designed to adaptively reuse buildings in designated downtown areas.

Each code used by the Fire Safety Division has equivalent solutions to code requirements. All technical staff can accept these equivalent solutions, and also will advise permit applicants and trades people when equivalent solutions may be appropriate. In addition to the equivalent solutions found in the codes, the Division accepts alternative methods or materials that meet the safety intent and objectives of the code. Besides reviewing alternative solutions, technical staff may recommend additional options that have been successful in similar applications. In addition, each Regional Manager has also been designated to grant variances to the code. Variance decisions are tracked by the Regional Managers to ensure consistent application and use.

Technical assistance is also a key for people who manage and operate buildings in Vermont. By knowing how a fire is likely to travel in their building, how people may react to a fire or other emergency, and what mitigation actions can be taken in their building, building managers learn how to operate the building safely for their guests, employees and customers.

The Fire Safety Division is leading a collaborative effort to improve public safety and service by providing more technical assistance and working together with all contractors and owners. For additional assistance or information contact the Chief Fire Prevention Officer at 802.479.7566 or email to rhowe@dps.state.vt.us.

CODE HIGHLIGHTS
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ

Access to Buildings using a Key Box System
Access Requirements for Mezzanines, Exemption from Vertical
Accessible Features, Determining Disproportionate Costs for
Accessible Features for Space used for Storage
Accessible Aisles for Parking Spaces
Accessibility - Grab Bars - Reinforced Walls
ADAAG - Dimensional Tolerances
Adaptable Dwelling Units, Electrical Controls (Location of) in
AFCI (arc-fault circuit interrupters) Improve Fire Safety
Assembly Areas, Seating for

Blocked Exits
Boiler and Pressure Vessel, ASME Construction Standards
Boilers and Pressure Vessels, Periodic Inspection for

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors, Audibility of
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors, Specifications of
Chair Lifts Used on Stairways
Change of Ownership of a Place of Assembly, Permit for a
Chimney - Interconnection
Commercial Building Energy Standards
Construction Documents - Content
Construction Documents - Preparation
Cooking Appliances

Design Professional in Responsible Charge

Electric Fire Pumps, Reliability of
Energy Efficiency Certificates
Exit Doors - Delayed-Egress Locks
Exit Doors - Locking
Exit Enclosure - Prohibited Use
Exit Inspection by the Building Manager

Fire Safe Cigarette Information & Enforcement
Fire Alarm - False Alarm
Fire Alarm Testing and Operation
Fire Alarm Systems and Emergency Generators, Inspection and Testing of
Fire Protection Plan for Buildings during Construction, Alteration or Demolition
Fire Reporting
Fire Resistant Designs, Underwriters Laboratories
Fire Retardant Treated Wood
Fire Spread in Concealed Building Spaces
Fireworks & Pyrotechnics

Glazing Materials - Fire Rating

Heaters, Unvented
Historic Buildings; Security Measures to Prevent Arson

Inspection and Testing of Fire Protection Systems, Periodic
Inspection, Special Inspections and Structural Tests
Insulation, Use of Foam Plastic

Joints between Walls and Floors, Ceilings and Roof

Lodging or Rooming Houses

Mattress Flammability Standards
Means of Egress
Mechanical Code - 2003

Non-Combustible Building Materials

Oil Burning Equipment, Certification for People Working on

Parking Spaces, Accessible Aisles for
Pumps for Residential and Domestic Fire Sprinkler Systems

Rubbish Removal

Smoke Alarms (Detectors), Specific Location Requirements for
Smoke Alarms (Photoelectric)
Smoke Alarm - Testing
Smoke Detectors, Sensitivity Testing for
Sprinkler Systems, Pumps for Residential and Domestic Fire Sprinkler Systems
Sprinkler Systems - Bars, Nightclubs and Similar Buildings

Tents, Canopies and Membrane Structures

Underwriters Laboratories - Fire Resistant Designs

Valuation of Construction
Vertical Platform Lifts

Wood Veneers

2003 Mechanical Code – Any reference to the International Mechanical Code found in the International Building Code is interpreted to be a reference to the Uniform Fire Code and its referenced standards. [section IBC 101.4 as amended] A mechanical code was not adopted or referenced under the “Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005” because the scope of the International Mechanical Code goes beyond the authority of the Division of Fire Safety in areas such as general ventilation standards, ventilation for attic and under floor spaces, temperature control, refrigeration, solar systems, etc. The Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005” is established to protect people and property in case of fire, explosion, hazardous materials, dangerous structural conditions and the generation of carbon monoxide. There are sufficient and consistent regulations under the Uniform Fire Code and its referenced standards, including standards for ventilation, exhaust systems for special hazards, such as kitchen exhaust, chimneys, fuel-gas piping, boilers and similar requirements alternatively found in a mechanical code, to protect both people and property. To determine code requirements use the Uniform Fire Code as a starting point and where more detailed information is needed use NFPA 31 for oil burning appliances, NFPA 54 for fuel gas piping and ventilation, NFPA 58 for the installation of LP gas appliances, NFPA 90A for air-conditioning and ventilating systems, NFPA 96 for kitchen exhaust systems and NFPA 211 for chimneys and other venting requirements including clothes dryers. TOP

Access to Buildings using a Key Box System - During an emergency a key to a building is a valuable tool for the fire department providing immediate entry without damage and allowing the door to be re-locked after the emergency is over. To limit access to the building key a tamper proof "key box", to place the building key in, is located near an entrance on the outside of the building. The fire department is provided with a master key to the " key box". The fire department will normally only accept a "key box" from certain manufacturers to limit the number of master keys they need to carry. The Division of Fire Safety can require a "key box" to be installed for a building or a part of a building under NFPA 1:10.12. TOP

Accessible Features for Space used for Storage – The Vermont Access Rules exempts space used for storage that is used on an infrequent basis, or is not occupiable, from the requirement to provide an elevator or platform lift for vertical access to the space. The ADAAG defines “Occupiable” as “A room or space designed for human occupancy in which individuals congregate for amusement, education or similar purposes, or in which occupants are engaged at labor, and which is equipped with means of egress, light and ventilation.” Infrequent is defined as occasional, rare or irregular. An example of a space that is not occupiable could be an unheated second floor space used to store automotive exhaust pipes. Although the frequency of use may vary for the space, the space is unheated and would not be occupiable. An example of a space that is used on an infrequent basis could be the basement of an office building used for filing cabinets that contain records from prior years as a back up to electronic records and are rarely used. TOP

Accessible Aisles for Parking Spaces – Each parking space designated for use by a person with disabilities must have an adjacent 60” wide access aisle to connect with the accessible entry route for the building. Two accessible parking spaces may share a common access aisle. The accessible entry route for the building may serve as the access aisle for adjacent accessible parking spaces. For each “van” designated parking space the adjacent access aisle is required to be 96” to accommodate the use of side-mounted lifts. TOP

AFCI (arc-fault circuit interrupters) Improve Fire Safety - The 2008 edition of the National Electrical Code (NEC), proposed for adoption in November 2008, expands the use of AFCIs beyond bedroom circuits to other areas of a dwelling unit, such as the family room, the dining room, the living room, closets, and hallways. Vermont law has required this expanded coverage since 2001. An AFCI should not be confused with a GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter). GFCIs first appeared in the NEC in the 1960s and are now used in bathrooms, kitchens, garages, unfinished basements, and outdoor receptacles to protect people from shock hazards if parts of an electric appliance or a tool become energized due to a ground fault. An AFCI protects branch circuit wiring from arcing faults that could start an electrical fire.

Arc faults occur when current flows in an unintended path, and the heat generated at the point of the arc, which may reach 10,000F creates burning particles that can ignite combustible material. Arc faults may occur from building wiring, as when a nail punctures a wire during installation or maintenance, or when the wire or insulation deteriorates due to age and abuse, or when an electrical appliance malfunctions. A combination AFCI device detects both parallel and series arcs.

An AFCI uses its built-in electronic processing technology to monitor a circuit for both dangerous and normal arcing conditions, based on known behaviors of electrical arcs. If the AFCI deems the signal to be a dangerous arc, it will open the circuit, removing the arcing condition and the fire hazard. The technology has matured to the point where AFCIs are better programmed to discern a dangerous arc from a normal arc, or even normal operating conditions. The AFCI technology has other benefits, such as serving as a means of quality control for electricians. If an AFCI is tripping, it could mean that a mistake was made during the installation process that can be fixed, or an appliance may be malfunctioning and causing the breaker to trip. An AFCI that is tripping due to an improper installation or malfunctioning appliance is doing its job protecting the building and occupants from the hazard it was designed to address. TOP

Assembly Areas, Seating for – The chairs in assembly areas accommodating more than 200 people are required to be fastened together, in groups of 3 to 7 chairs, to minimize the possibility that chairs would be pushed aside during an emergency and obstruct or slow down exiting from the area. Chairs are not required to be fastened together, provided that, the area used for seating has at least 15 square feet per chair and adequate aisles are maintained at all times. The area used to calculate the seating density is just the area used for seating and does not include dance floors, stages or other areas. [NFPA 101: 13.7.8] TOP

Audibility of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors - The installation of CO detectors is regulated under NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of CO Warning Equipment in Dwelling Units . The audibility of the alarm is regulated under section 5.3.2 that requires 85dBA at a distance of 10'. In addition, section 5.1.2.1 refers back to NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, section 7.4.4 that requires 15 dBA above ambient sound level at the pillow. NFPA 720 anticipates that a bedroom door could be closed, but does not anticipate two doors separating a CO detector from the pillow. The Vermont amendments address this issue by requiring that the CO detector be in the dwelling unit, not in the common hall, for any apartment or suite. Even where there is only one door between the CO detector and the pillow, the requirement for 15 dBA above ambient sound level may be difficult to meet in a hotel or dormitory where doors are designed to keep out noise. If the audibility does not meet the standard at the pillow with regular CO detector spacing then the sound level can be increased by decreasing the spacing of CO detectors in the corridor or by placing CO detectors in each bedroom. A master electrician, a journeyman electrician or a type S journeyman licensed for commercial fire alarms, may install a CO detector. TOP

Blocked Exits - A means of egress is required to be kept clear of obstructions so it can be used in the case of fire or other emergency. At this time of year special attention is needed to ensure that all means of egress are kept clear of snow and ice at all times that the building is occupied. During the holidays make sure that decorations and Christmas trees do not obstruct the means of egress or block the visibility of where a means of egress is located. These code requirements are found in sections NFPA 1:14.4.1, 14.4.1.1 & 14.4.2.1 (2003). TOP

Boiler & Pressure Vessel, ASME Construction Standards – All boilers and pressure vessels, such as water heaters, are required to be manufactured, constructed and assembled in accordance with the appropriate ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards in place at the time of manufacture. Increased emphasis on energy efficiency has resulted in increased interest in alternative fuel boilers. Building designers, mechanical engineers and heating contractors all need to be aware of the requirement for ASME listing and verify the construction specifications of any boilers or pressure vessels to avoid the problems and costs associated with removing or converting units that do not meet these standards. Reference: Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code, section 3 (b). TOP

Boilers and Pressure Vessels, Periodic Inspection - The owner of a boiler or pressure vessel is required to have periodic inspections performed by a commissioned inspector to ensure that the boiler or pressure vessel meets the minimum code requirements and is safe to operate. A high-pressure boiler [in which steam is generated at a pressure of more than 15 P.S.I.] is required to be inspected each year including internal and external inspections. A steam heating boiler [in which steam is generated at less than 15 P.S.I.] or a hot water heating boiler [in which the operating pressure does not exceed 160 P.S.I. and/ or temperature does not exceed 250 degrees (F)] are required to be inspected every two years. Pressure vessels greater than 5 cubic feet and operating at a pressure greater than 125 P.S.I. are required to be inspected every three years. TOP

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors, Specifications on – The Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005 now requires carbon monoxide detectors to be installed in all public buildings where people sleep including multi-family and rental dwelling units. All CO detectors are required to be installed in accordance with NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide Warning Equipment in Dwelling Units, 2005 edition. The Vermont amendment to the Life Safety Code [section 101:9.9.1] amends section NFPA 720:1.1.2 expanding the application of NFPA 720 and the use of single station CO detectors to all buildings where CO detectors are required to be installed. Information contained in the manufacturer’s instructions for CO detectors provides detailed information on the placement and maintenance of CO detectors but does not limit the use of CO detectors under this Code. TOP

Certification for People working on Oil Burning Equipment – People who work on the installation, repair and maintenance of oil burning equipment are required to obtain a Silver certificate (or Bronze certificate for limited work) from the National Oil Heat Research Alliance (NORA). Under Sections NFPA 1:1.13.1(7)i & j of the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005, an individual is required to obtain a silver or bronze certificate from NORA as a demonstration of both knowledge and experience. A person is not required to keep the NORA certificate current. The renewal of the certificate of fitness for oil burning equipment is based on 8 hours of state approved related instruction. The term "current certificate" is used for a certificate of fitness classification, such as fire sprinkler system design, that relies on a current trade certification for the proof of related instruction. TOP

Chair Lifts used on Stairways – Where a platform or chair lift is installed on a stair the clearance to pass by the lift, when it is in the down position, must be at least the exit width required for the stair by the Code. When the stair only serves a small number of people the clearance to pass by the lift can be reduced to 22” where the stair serves fewer than 50 people or to 18” where the stair serves fewer than 10 people. [section NFPA 101:7.1.10.1.1 as amended] An inclined platform or chair lift can only be permitted in multi-family dwellings that consist of three stories or less unless a variance is obtained from the Access Board. TOP

Chimney - Interconnection – Interconnection of venting for heating appliances is regulated under NFPA 211, section 9.8. In most cases separate heating appliances cannot connect into the same chimney flue due in part to concerns with the production of large amounts of carbon monoxide and leakage of carbon monoxide and other flue gases into the building. The text of section 9.8 indicates as follow:

9.8.1 Connectors serving appliances operating under natural draft shall not be connected into any portion of a mechanical draft system operating under positive pressure.

9.8.2 Unless listed for such connection, solid fuel-burning appliances shall not be connected to a chimney flue serving another appliance.

9.8.3 Gas utilization appliances and appliances burning liquid fuel shall be permitted to be connected to one chimney flue through separate openings or shall be permitted to be connected through a single opening, provided they are joined by a suitable fitting located as close as practicable to the chimney and provided both of the following apply:

Sufficient draft is available for the safe combustion of each appliance and for the removal of all products of combustion.
The appliances so connected are equipped with primary safety controls and all appliances are located in the same room.

9.8.4 If two or more openings are provided into one chimney flue, the following stipulations shall apply:

They shall be at different levels.
The smaller connector shall enter at the highest level consistent with available headroom or clearance to combustible material.

“Listing” of a fuel-burning appliance means - Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. TOP

Commercial Building Energy Standards – The Commercial Building Energy Standards (CBES), enacted into law in 2006, is the energy code for all commercial, and residential buildings not covered by the Residential Building Energy Standards (RBES), that apply for a state or local permit in Vermont beginning January 1, 2007. This code does not apply to farm structures as defined in 24 V.S.A. § 4413. The CBES uses the 2005 Vermont Guidelines for Energy Efficient Commercial Construction as the stand alone energy code for Vermont and is based on the International Energy Conservation Code®, 2004 Supplement. The CBES requires that a builder, or a licensed professional engineer or architect, certify that the commercial building meets the Vermont Guidelines. To meet the certification requirements, a CBES Certificate and a CBES Affidavit must be completed and sent to the Department of Public Service and the local Town Clerk of the town in which the property is located. The CBES Certificate and a CBES Affidavit are available from the Department of Public Service. The certification process applies to all new commercial building construction including additions to existing buildings. Alterations, renovations, or repairs on commercial buildings are required to meet the Vermont Guidelines, but are not required to complete the certification process. The Department of Public Service is available to answer questions on the Vermont Guidelines and other general questions about the requirements of the Commercial Building Energy Standards. The CBES Certificate and Affidavit forms are available on line at http://publicservice.vermont.gov/energy-efficiency/ee_commstandards.html or by calling 1- 800-642-3281 or 802-828-4056. The Vermont Guidelines include requirements for review of construction documents and inspection of energy features in sections 104 and 105. These sections do not apply to the Division of Fire Safety permit review and inspection process, but these sections are included in the Vermont Guidelines by the Department of Public Service to facilitate enforcement by a municipality that chooses to adopt local energy ordnances. The Division of Fire Safety continues to require certification in accordance with the Vermont Guidelines for only new state-funded buildings or additions, adopted under amendment to the International Building Code, as it appears on page 15 of the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code. Clarity is provided in the Vermont Guidelines that where penetrations are limited for fire rated stairways that electric resistance space heating can be used (section 803.1.2) and that emergency power systems are exempt from the Vermont Guidelines (section 806.2). Where there is a conflict between a safety code adopted by the Division of Fire Safety and the Vermont Guidelines the safety code shall apply. TOP

Construction Documents – Content – Construction documents such as plans, specifications and equipment details are required to be reviewed before getting a permit to begin construction, under the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code. Section 4(d) of the Code indicates “Plans required under this Code shall be drawn to scale, using customary inch-pound units and English language, and shall be sufficiently clear, comprehensive, detailed and legible when submitted to the AHJ so that, together with any accompanying specifications and data, the AHJ can readily determine whether or not the proposed building, addition, or alteration, and all proposed building equipment will conform to this Code".

The section is written to be performance based so that the information that is needed is clearly presented in an usable format, but not to create a burden by submitting non-related information. More specific requirements are listed in the code for plans for fire protection systems. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2002 edition, section 14.1.3, requires 44 specific points of information for sprinkler plans ranging from the basic occupancy classification of each space in the building to the details of the manufacturer, size and type of any backflow preventer. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 2002 edition, section 4.5.1.1 requires specifications, shop drawings, battery calculations and notification device circuit drop calculations for fire alarm system plans. Further details are outlined in A4.5.1.1. For architects, engineers and related professionals who routinely sent in construction documents for review, be sure to check on the notes and comments you received from the AHJ on previous projects to make sure the required information is properly documented. TOP

Construction Documents - Preparation - Construction documents such as plans, specifications and equipment details are required to be reviewed before getting a permit to begin construction, under the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code. The requirement to submit construction documents in order to obtain a permit may be specifically waived for a project by the authority having jurisdiction, based on the size, use or complexity of the construction work, but a permit application and fee must still be submitted.

The construction documents must be prepared consistent with the professional licensing laws for architects and engineers. The Division of Fire Safety cannot grant a variance or exemption from these requirements. Most construction projects of any size are required to be prepared by a licensed architect. Working drawings and details are required in some instances to be prepared by others, such as the working drawing for fire sprinkler systems that are required to be prepared by a person with NICET III or IV certification or a fire protection engineer. Construction documents for dwelling units with four units or less, buildings accessory to those dwelling units, farm buildings and pre-engineered buildings, and other construction documents prepared by a licensed engineer, are not required to be prepared by an architect. There are also general exemptions from the requirement to have construction documents prepared by a licensed engineer. Construction documents for dwelling units with three units or less, construction documents prepared by another legally recognized professions, such as fire alarm plans prepared by a licensed electrician, or construction documents that do not require engineering services, are not required to be prepared by an engineer. There are provisions for engineers, but not architects, licensed in another state to work in Vermont on a transient basis. [Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code - section 4, 20 V.S.A. 2731(e)(4), 26 V.S.A. chapter 3 and 26 V.S.A. chapter 20] TOP

Cooking Appliances - The requirements for space between the fryer and surface flames contained in section NFPA 96:9-1.2.2 (1994) have been expanded and clarified in sections NFPA 96:12.1.2.5 and 12.1.2.5.1 (2001). A steel or tempered glass baffle plate 8” in height can now be used instead of the 16” horizontal space between the fryer and surface flames. TOP

Design Professional in Responsible Charge – The authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is authorized to require the owner of a building to contract for the services of a design professional to act as the “design professional in responsible charge”. The code requires detailed technical information to be submitted to the AHJ at the time of the construction permit application and at various intervals during the construction of a project. The “design professional in responsible charge” is responsible for reviewing and coordinating submittal documents prepared by others for compatibility with the approved design for the building. It is necessary to have a single point of contact on complex jobs to provide the AHJ with accurate information on any discrepancies in design or construction activity. Where required the “design professional in responsible charge” must be identified on the permit application. [ 2003 IBC section 106.3.4 ] TOP

Determining Disproportionate Costs for Accessible Features – Section 4.1.6(2) of the ADAAG, adopted under the Vermont Access Rules, requires that when a primary function area of a building is altered that the path of travel to the altered area, and the restrooms, telephones and drinking fountains serving the altered area, be made accessible, unless the costs are disproportionate. The costs are disproportionate if they exceed 20% of the total cost of the overall alteration. Alteration work limited solely to the electrical, mechanical, plumbing or fire sprinkler systems, or hazardous material abatement, or normal maintenance, re-roofing, painting or wallpapering or asbestos removal do not initiate accessibility requirements for the path of travel, the restrooms, telephones and drinking fountains, serving the altered area (ADAAG section 4.1.6(1)(i). Costs that may be counted as expenditures in determining if costs are disproportionate may include:

(i) Costs associated with providing an entrance and accessible route to the altered area, for example, the cost of widening doorways, installing ramps, elevators or lifts.
(ii) Costs associated with making restrooms accessible, such as installing grab bars, enlarging toilet stalls, insulating pipes or installing accessible faucet controls.
(iii) Costs associated with providing accessible telephones, such as relocating the telephone to an accessible height, installing amplification devices, or installing a telecommunications device for people with hearing disabilities.
(iv) Costs associated with relocating an inaccessible drinking fountain.

The criteria for determining disproportionate costs where an addition to a building contains a primary function area, or effects a primary function area in the existing building, is the same as for alterations. Where an addition has an accessible path of travel, restrooms, telephones and drinking fountains, the construction of the addition does not require changes to provide access for the existing building. Where an addition lacks an accessible path of travel, restrooms, telephones and drinking fountains, changes are required for the existing building using the same criteria as used for alterations (ADAAG section 4.1.5). TOP

Dimensional Tolerances, Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) -
[3.2] – The ADAAG, adopted under the Vermont Access Rules, recognizes conventional industry standards for field conditions. For instance a handrail specified to be 1½ ” in diameter in accordance with section 4.26.2 is permitted to be almost 2” in diameter based on field condition standards for the trade. The outside diameter of a nominal 1 ½“ pipe is 1 29/32”. TOP

Electrical Controls (Location of) in Adaptable Dwelling Units - The Vermont Access Rules, similar to the Federal Fair Housing Act, require light switches, electrical outlets, thermostats and other environmental controls to be in accessible locations when they are newly installed. These controls are required to be mounted between 15" and 48" off the floor for front reach limits and between 9" and 54" for side reach limits. Electrical panels or sub-panels containing circuit breakers are not required to be located at a height within the side or front reach limits. Light switches, electrical outlets and environmental controls including thermostats for heating, air-conditioning and ventilation systems are covered by the rules and need to be located within reach limits. Circuit breakers, appliance controls and outlets dedicated for specific appliances are not covered and do not need to be within the reach limits. For additional information see the Federal Fair Housing Act Design Manual Part two, Chapter 5, Page 5.4. TOP

Electric Fire Pumps, Reliability of – Where an electrical fire pump is installed in a building used for a place of assembly with over 300 people, a health care facility such as a hospital or nursing home, a detention or correctional facility or a high-rise building, the electrical fire pump must have an on-site generator with sufficient capacity to start and run the pump and all other simultaneous electrical loads. For other building uses an electrical fire pump is not required to have an on-site generator where electrical power is provided by a public utility. TOP

Energy Efficiency Certificates - The CBES (Commercial Building Energy Standard) certificates have now been finalized by the Dept of Public Service and are available on line. The Division of Fire Safety is now required to check to see if the certificates are posted in new construction. This section from the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code further explains the requirement.

Chapter 13 Energy Efficiency: Certification, approved by the Department of Public Service, indicating compliance with the Vermont Guidelines for Energy Efficient Commercial Construction, for the design and construction of any public building, other than one & two family dwellings and multi-family dwellings three stories or less in height, shall be affixed in a visible location inside the building, in the vicinity of the heating or cooling equipment or the electrical service panel, as a condition for a final occupancy permit, [The Department of Public Service provides technical assistance and expert advice regarding the energy standard requirements for new construction. This includes criteria that builders may use in lieu of computer or systems analysis of the building. For additional information contact the Vermont Department of Public Service at 1-888-373-2255.]

The certificates can be found by clicking here.

Exemption from Vertical Access Requirements for Mezzanines – All mezzanines in one story buildings are exempt from installing an elevator or lift for vertical access, based on a decision by the Vermont Access Board on July 29, 2002. The mezzanine area still needs to be built in accordance with all other access requirements such as the design for handrails on the stairs or the installation of door hardware. Under the American with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) a mezzanine is defined as “That portion of a story which is an intermediate level placed within the story and having occupiable space above and below its floor.” A mezzanine must also meet the definition of a mezzanine as further defined under the building code as “An intermediate level or levels between the floor and ceiling of any story with an aggregate floor area of not more than one-third of the area of the room or space in which the level or levels are located” [section IBC 502.1] in order to use this exemption established by the Board for vertical access. TOP

Exit Doors – Delayed-Egress Locks – The locking arrangement on exit doors must be arranged to open readily in the direction of exit travel so that there is no interference with the orderly movement of people through any exit doors in the event of a fire or other emergency. The provisions of the Life Safety Code and Uniform Fire Code address features that may be essential for building security by permitting delayed-egress locks under certain conditions for specific types of building use. Delayed-egress locks prevent a door from being opened for 15 to 30 seconds. Delayed-egress locks are only permitted in buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic fire sprinkler or fire detection system. Criteria for delayed-egress locks include:

Shall unlock upon activation of the fire sprinkler system
Shall unlock upon activation of any heat detector or any one or two smoke detectors
Shall unlock upon the loss of power that controls the lock
Shall unlock within 15 seconds, or 30 seconds when approved by the AHJ, when the release device is held for more that 3 seconds
The force required to activate the release device must be less than 15 lbf
The release process for the lock shall activate an audible signal in the vicinity of the door
The door lock must be manually reset after being released
A sign must be provided on the door next to the release device indicating “Push Until Alarm Sounds” & “Door Can Be Opened In 15 Seconds”

The sign on the door provides assurance to the person attempting to exit the building that the door will be unlocked in 15 seconds. At the same time the 15 seconds helps to deter theft from the building. Operation of the release device for the lock does not open the door and the door is permitted to remain locked against entry into the building. [NFPA Life Safety Code 7.2.1.6.1] TOP

Exit Doors - Locking - The locking arrangement on exit doors must be arranged to open readily in the direction of exit travel so that there is no interference with the orderly movement of people through any exit doors in the event of a fire or other emergency. Any latch or locking device on a door must all release with one normal operation of the door handle or exit device. The door handle or exit device must be operable from the egress side without the need for a key, tool or special knowledge. Bars, chains or other makeshift security arrangements are not permitted on exit doors. The Life Safety Code has established these requirements for locking devices on exit doors to ensure safe egress from a building while maintaining features that are essential to security within a building. [Life Safety Code, section 7.2.1.5] TOP

Exit Enclosure - Prohibited Use - An exit enclosure is the protected way of travel to exit out of a building. An exit enclosure cannot be used for any purpose that may interfere with its use as an exit. This limitation covers more than just physical obstructions to an exit but also covers the potential for a fire to start within the exit enclosure or combustible materials that would cause a fire to spread. For instance vending machines, copy machines or other office machines, re-cycle collection bins, or other types of storage are prohibited in an exit enclosure. [Life Safety Code, section 7.1.3.2.3] TOP

Exit Inspection by the Building Manager - The daily inspection of the exits from a building by the building manager is an important part of keeping people safe. All stairways, doors and exit paths of travel must be kept clear of obstructions, ice or snow, and be unlocked so they can be used in an emergency. Several code sections have more specific requirements for special types of building use:

The exits in bars, dance halls, nightclubs or where an audience gathers to observe a performance without seating, are required to be inspected and any deficiencies corrected prior to each opening of the building to the public. [NFPA1:20.1.4.6.5]
The exits in schools are required to be inspected daily by principals and teachers to ensure the exit paths are maintained clear of obstructions and are in proper condition. [NFPA 1:20.2.3.2]
The exits in day care facilities are required to be inspected daily by site administrators and staff members to ensure all exits are in proper condition. [NFPA 1:20.3.3.2.3] TOP

Fire Alarm – False Alarm – For the period 1996 – 2005, fourteen percent of the fire department incidents reported were classified as false alarms. Malicious false alarms, where an alarm was intentionally given when there was no fire, accounted for only a small portion of the false alarms reported. Malfunctions of fire alarm system equipment, such as detectors or electronic components, also occur far less frequently then unintentional alarms. Unintentional false alarms occur when a fire protection system functions correctly but detects an environmental condition similar to a fire when there is no fire. For instance a smoke detector may see steam from a shower, dust from construction, or particles of combustion from cutting or welding operations the same way it would see real smoke or particles of combustion from a hazardous fire.

It is important that building managers determine the cause of false alarms so that the cause of a false alarm is not repeated. Fire alarm systems are required to be properly maintained and inspected at least once a year by a technically qualified person. A building owner or manager may be subject to fines for failing to have a fire alarm system maintained and inspected, and may be subject to additional fines or fees from the responding fire department where repeated false alarms occur. TOP

Fire Alarm Testing and Operation - A fire alarm system is required to be inspected and tested at least once a year, covering all intervals of testing requirements, by a person certified to work on fire alarm systems. [sections NFPA 1:1.13.1(6) & 1:4.5.8.4 as amended] Before beginning any testing the person certified to work on fire alarm systems is required to notify building occupants and any facility receiving alarm, supervisory or trouble signals to prevent unnecessary response to the alarm or interruption of critical building systems. Where a required fire alarm system is out of service for inspection, testing or maintenance, for more than 4 hours in a 24 hour period, the person certified to work on fire alarm systems is required to notify the fire department and the division of fire safety, and provide an approved fire watch for the area of the building effected by the shutdown of the fire alarm system. [sections NFPA 72:10.2.3 & 101:9.6.1.7] TOP

Fire Protection Plan for Buildings during Construction, Alteration or Demolition – The potential for a fire in a building during construction, alteration or demolition is greater than after the work on the building is completed. Construction and demolition sites contain large amounts of combustible material and debris. There are numerous ignition sources such as temporary heating devices, temporary electrical wiring, cutting, welding and other work with torches for plumbing and sheet metal, and smoking on the job site. Arson is another concern because of the availability of combustible material and the open access to the building. Fires can be controlled or prevented through early planning and implementation of fire prevention measures. The assistant state fire marshal or municipal official may require a fire protection plan for the building before any work begins, including:

A schedule for regular removal of rubbish and debris,
Security measures to prevent unauthorized people from gaining access to the site,
Installation of new fire protection systems as construction progresses,
Preservation of existing fire protection systems during alterations or demolition,
Communication and pre-planning with the fire department,
Consideration of special hazards such as temporary heat, vertical openings in the building, hazardous materials, etc.
Protection of existing portions of the building and adjacent buildings and equipment,
Means of escape for construction workers at the site, and
Fire department and emergency vehicle access to the building.

A complete list of requirements for Safeguards During Building Construction, Alteration and Demolition Operations is contained in NFPA 241, 2000 Edition. TOP

Fire Resistance Designs, Underwriters Laboratories – “The Code Authority”, published by Underwriters Laboratories, recently responded to a question from a building plan reviewer who asked if UL fire resistance assembly drawings could be copied directly onto construction drawings to ensure that workers would build the assemblies in accordance with the designs that were approved. The response from UL indicated “… UL does not prohibit the practice of reproducing designs from the UL directory. In fact, UL encourages A/E (architectural engineering) firms to reproduce our designs on their plans as a means to provide the complete details of the assembly in their drawings, subject to a few restrictions." The response goes on to indicate "UL permits the reproduction of the material contained in the Online
Certification Directory subject to the following conditions:

The Guide Information, Designs and/or Listings (files) must be presented in their entirety and in a nonmisleading manner, without any manipulation of the data (or drawings).
The statement Reprinted from the Online Certifications Directory with permission from Underwriters Laboratories Inc. must appear adjacent to the extracted material. In addition, the reprinted material must include a copyright notice in the following format: Copyright © 2007 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ®."

Fire Retardant Treated Wood - Fire Retardant Treated Wood (FRTW) does not meet the criteria in the International Building Code for a noncombustible material. However, it is permitted as an alternative to noncombustible material in specific locations in noncombustible (type I & II) construction. As listed in IBC section 603 Fire Retardant Treated Wood is permitted in:

Nonbearing partitions where the required fire resistance rating is 2 hours or less.
Nonbearing exterior walls where no fire rating is required.
Roof construction including girders and trusses when the building is two stories or less, for type II construction over two stories or for type I construction over two stories when the distance from the upper floor to the roof construction is 20 feet or more.
Partitions 6 feet high or less dividing portions of stores, offices or similar places occupied by one tenant and which do not establish a corridor serving an occupant load of 30 or more people. TOP

Fire Safe Cigarette Information & Enforcement – This new safety law, effective May 1, 2006, requires that all cigarettes sold or offered for sale in Vermont meet the criteria for fire-safe cigarettes (also called reduced ignition propensity cigarettes). The same criteria have now been in effect for almost two years in New York State. This new law is expected to significantly reduce the number of people killed or injured by fire in Vermont and is designed to limit the risk that a cigarette will ignite upholstered furniture, a mattress, household furnishings or other combustible material. The new cigarettes are designed to stop burning when left unattended, but otherwise have the same characteristics as other cigarettes. The cost of the fire-safe cigarettes to consumers is not expected to change and the law contains provisions for stores to sell their existing inventory of cigarettes. A list of fire-safe cigarettes approved for sale in Vermont is now available at http://www.dps.state.vt.us/fire/cigarettes/index.html. Cigarettes on the list have markings on each package, carton and case to indicate the cigarettes meet the fire safety criteria. Each manufacturer has a distinct marking system. This marking is important for enforcement of the law regarding the sale of fire-safe cigarettes. The marking is also important when investigating a fire to determine if cigarettes involved were designed to meet the fire safety criteria or not. Enforcement of the new law is a cooperative effort between the Department of Public Safety, the Department of Liquor Control and the Office of Attorney General. For additional information on package marking or other questions contact Robert Howe, Assistant State Fire Marshal 479-7566.. For information needed to support an investigation of a fire outside of regular business hours page 250-2827. TOP

Fire Spread in Concealed Building Spaces - Flames, smoke and gases from a fire will spread through a building taking the path of least resistance, through concealed spaces and voids in the building construction. Fire stopping (or fire blocking) in combustible construction, such as at the floor/ceiling level in a concealed wall space with parallel rows of wood studs, is intended to reduce the spread of fire, smoke and gases through concealed spaces and voids. Fire stopping is commonly achieved using 2" nominal lumber. Draft stopping in combustible construction, such as in an attic area, is intended to act as a barrier to smoke and gases. Draft stopping is commonly achieved by sheathing material such as ½" gypsum board or 3/8" plywood. Details on the requirements for the location of fire stopping and draft stopping, and the materials approved for use as fire stopping and draft stopping, are found in the Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) section 8.6.10 and the International Building Code, section 717. TOP

Fireworks & Pyrotechnics
Legal for Sale & Use - Sparklers less than 14 inches long with no more than 20 grams of pyrotechnic mixture and novelty items limited to snakes, party poppers, glow worms, smoke devices, string poppers, snappers, or drop pops with no more than 0.25 grains of explosive mixture, that are in compliance with United States Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations, are legal for sale and use in Vermont. All consumer and display fireworks, not including sparklers and novelty sparkling items, are illegal in Vermont except for permitted, supervised public fireworks displays.

Permits regarding Sale, Handling & Storage, including Vermont Amendments to NFPA 1 (1124) - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards 1, 1123, 1124 & 1126 cover safety requirements for fireworks and pyrotechnic displays. The Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code modifies NFPA 1 (1124) to include sparklers under some of the same requirements as consumer fireworks. A permit is required from the Division of Fire Safety for any new building or temporary site, or change of use of a building or site, used for storage or sales of sparklers or fireworks. Storage or sales of sparklers that does not exceed 125 lb. (net) of pyrotechnic composition are exempt from a separate permit from the division as well as other building construction requirements. Operating permits from the division are also required for certain facilities and inspections of facilities are also based on complaints or routine surveys. In addition to the permit and regulations from the division, the person who offers for sale and stores fireworks (not including sparklers and novelty items) must obtain a permit/license from both the municipality and the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms (ATF). TOP
Permit for Display - A permit for a fireworks display is obtained from the chief of the fire department after it is determined by the fire and police chief that the fireworks display will be handled by a competent operator in a manner that will not be hazardous to people or property. Application for a permit must be made at least 15 days in advance of the fireworks display. A permit is non-transferable. In addition to the permit from the fire chief there is now an additional permit required from the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms (ATF) to contract for, purchase or receive display fireworks. In order to apply for a federal explosives license/permit (FEL), a person must contact the National Explosives Licensing Center (NELC) at (404) 417-2750. The contract, purchase or receipt of Class ‘C’, or consumer fireworks, as part of a public fireworks display, does not require an ATF permit, but a permit from the fire chief is required.
Permit for Pyrotechnics before a Proximate Audience - A permit is required from the Division of Fire Safety for the use of pyrotechnic special effects before a proximate audience. Permits are required from the fire chief and ATF where display fireworks are included in the display.
Penalties - There are various penalties for violation of the laws regarding the sale, handling, storage and use of fireworks and pyrotechnics. Permits may be revoked and illegal material may be seized. Administrative citations and fines up to $1,000 per violation may be issued. Compliance may be obtained through court order or rule including fines up to $20,000. Any person, firm, co-partnership, or corporation in violation of these laws may also be guilty of a misdemeanor and be imprisoned for up to 30 days for some violations and up to one year for failure to obtain a permit for the use of pyrotechnics before a proximate audience.

Glazing Materials – Fire Rating – For some time “fire rated” glass has usually been ¼” thick wired glass. Now there is a variety of glazing materials with different performance capabilities that can be used where fire rated glass is needed. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is one of the main testing and listing organizations for fire-rated glass. Fire rated glazing materials are classified as part of fire resistive assemblies designed to contain fire spread or as fire rated glazing materials for windows in fire rated doors or assemblies.

Fire rated glazing materials that are part of fire resistive assemblies such as walls or floors are tested in accordance with UL 263 (NFPA 251) and are marked as “fire-resistance-rated”. The test criteria are to maintain structural integrity and to limit the temperature on the surface away from the fire to 325 degrees F. The fire rating duration for the fire rated assemblies are listed in the UL Fire Resistance Directory under the category “Fire-resistance-rated Glazing Materials” (CCET).

Fire rating glazing material used for windows in fire rated doors are tested in accordance with UL 10B (NFPA 252) and for other window assemblies in accordance with UL 9 (NFPA 257) and are marked as “fire-protection-rated”. The main difference between the tests for glazing used in windows compared to glazing used in wall or floor assemblies is that the tests for windows does not have the requirement to limit the temperature on the surface away from the fire to 325 degrees F. The fire rated duration for the fire rated windows have ratings that typically range from 20 minutes to 90 minutes and are listed in the UL Fire Resistance Directory under the category “Fire-protection-rated Glazing Material” (KCMZ).

It is important to select the glazing material with the appropriate test results for the intended use of the glazing material. TOP

Historic Buildings; Security Measures to Prevent Arson – Additional discretionary authority is granted to the assistant fire marshal or building inspector for the enforcement of the Fire & Building Safety Code for buildings and structures identified and classified as historic. NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures, is adopted as part of the code to provide additional information specific for historic buildings. Chapter 9 of NFPA 914 outlines fire prevention and protection strategies for the operation of historic buildings including security measures to prevent arson. Security measures to prevent arson need to be included in the overall fire protection plan for the building. One important part of the plan is to properly secure all openings that could be used to enter the building. Exit doors should be arranged to prevent outside entry, but must still be arranged to open readily from the inside of the building in case of an emergency. The looking device for an exit door must release with one normal operation of the door handle or panic hardware. Additional bars, locks, chains or any similar device cannot be installed on exit doors. Other parts of the plan need to address effective exterior lighting for all approaches to the building, background investigation of potential employees, identification of special risks, such as a book return for a library, and controlled access to non-public areas of the building. In order to be effective the fire protection plan needs to establish a procedure for closing the building at the end of the day. Besides checking doors and windows to make sure they are locked there needs to be a procedure to make sure unauthorized people have left the building and that potential fire hazards such as cooking equipment and trash disposal have been checked. TOP

Inspection and Testing of Fire Alarm Systems and Emergency Generators – To correlate the requirements for periodic inspections and tests of fire alarm systems and emergency generators between the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005, adopted under 20 V.S.A. chapter 173, and the Electricians and Electrical Installation law, under 26 V.S.A. chapter 15; a certificate of fitness, under the Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code, is only required for a licensed electrician to inspect and/or test a fire alarm system, or an emergency generator. A certificate of fitness is not required for a licensed master, journeyman or type S journeyman (commercial fire alarm) electrician to design, install or maintain a fire alarm system, detection system or equipment. A certificate of fitness is not required for a licensed master or journeyman electrician to install, maintain or repair an emergency generator. A certificate of fitness (NFPA 1 section 1.13.1) can be obtained by an appropriately licensed electrician by submitted an application, tax and child support forms to the central office. There is no fee for the certificate of fitness. Eight hours of approved related instruction is required to renew a certificate of fitness for fire alarm systems or emergency generators. Related instruction may be approved for both license and certificate renewal. TOP

Inspection, Special Inspections and Structural Tests - Tests involving structural observations and load testing, as well as other inspections regarding manufacture and assembly of building materials, are regulated in Chapter 17 of the International Building Code (IBC). Special inspections ensure proper fabrication, installation and placement of materials. Special inspections occur both at the point of fabrication and at the work site. Most special inspections focus on steel and masonry construction, with emphasis on requirements for resistance to seismic loads, but there are also requirements for special inspections for wood construction such as truss assembly.

The owner or design professional in responsible charge is responsible for employing one or more special inspectors. The duties of a special inspector include:

Reviewing structural details
Keeping accurate records
Furnishing inspection reports
Notifying the contractor of observed discrepancies
Notifying design professional in responsible charge of uncorrected discrepancies TOP

Insulation, Use of Foam Plastic - The use of foam plastic, as either rigid foam boards or spray-applied insulation, raises serious fire safety concerns. Increased emphasis on energy efficiency has resulted in increased use of rigid foam board and spray applied foam plastic as insulation material.

The 2003 edition of the International Building Code (IBC) regulates the use of foam plastic insulation materials in buildings. Chapter 26 requires that all foam plastic materials be listed by a recognized testing laboratory (Section 2603.2) and that all materials have a flame spread index not exceeding 75 or a smoke-developed index of not more than 450 where tested at their maximum intended thickness (Section 2603.3). Additional requirements beyond the surface-burning characteristics of these materials are included in Section 2603.4 of the IBC.

A thermal barrier must be provided when foam plastics are exposed to the interior of a building. This thermal barrier may be ½ inch gypsum wallboard or equivalent material that will remain in place for not less than 15 minutes, based upon FM 4880, UL 1040, NFPA 286 or UL 715 tests. Materials used to provide the required thermal barrier must be listed for this use.

Less stringent requirements exist for an attic or crawlspace where entry is made only for service of utilities. Foam plastic insulation in these spaces must be protected from ignition by use of 1 ½ inch mineral fiber insulation; ¼ inch wood structural panel, particleboard or hardboard; or 3/8 inch gypsum wallboard (Section 2603.4.1.6). Other exemptions can be found for the use of foam plastic insulation in Chapter 26, including use in walk-in coolers, roof assemblies and exterior walls. TOP

Joints between Walls and Floors, Ceilings and Roof – Joints created between building components to accommodate expected building movement caused by thermal expansion and contraction, seismic activity, wind or other loads, may create an opening that will compromise the fire resistance rating of a building unless the joints are properly sealed. Joints between fire resistance rated walls, floors, ceilings and roofs are required to be protected by an approved joint system to resist the passage of fire for a time period not less than the fire resistance rating of the wall, floor, ceiling or roof where the joint occurs. The fire resistant joint system must be tested in accordance with UL 2079 (ASTM E 1966). Joints that do not exceed 5/8“ in width are permitted to be tested in accordance with ASTM E 119, the standard fire test for building construction. The system must be securely installed in accordance with the manufactures instructions so as not to loosen and the system must be able to accommodate expected building movement. Joints that occur in areas that are otherwise open, such as shaft enclosures, atriums, mezzanine floors, etc. are not required to be protected by a fire resistant joint system. TOP

Lodging or Rooming Houses - Lodging or Rooming Houses provide sleeping accommodations for 16 or fewer quests on a transient basis. Buildings in this classification are often called an Inn, or a Bed-and-Breakfast. A small Lodging or Rooming House that provides sleeping accommodations for a total of 6 or fewer quests and is occupied by the proprietor may be classified as a one & two family dwelling. A facility that has accommodations for more than 16 quests on a transient basis is classified as a hotel or dormitory. A single family dwelling that provides sleeping accommodations on a transient basis for more than 6 quests, such as a ski lodge, is classified as either a Lodging or Rooming house or hotel or dormitory depending on the number of quests. The fire safety requirements for a Lodging or Rooming House fall in between the minimal requirements for a one & two family dwelling and the fire safety requirements needed for a large scale hotel. The primary requirements for either a new or existing Lodging or House are found in Chapter 26 of the Life Safety Code, NFPA 101.

Mattress Flammability Standards – The new federal flammability standard for mattresses and futons – 16 CFR 1633 – will go into effect on July 1, 2007. All manufacturers that sell mattresses in the United States must meet the standard for open flame requirements. Manufacturers must also meet quality control requirements for ongoing production and are subject to unannounced factory audits. Standards for smoldering sources of ignition for mattresses are already in effect. TOP

Means of Egress - The definition of “means of egress” in NFPA 1:3.3.132 (2003) is “A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts: (1) the exit access, (2) the exit, and (3) the exit discharge.” TOP

Noncombustible Building Materials – Noncombustible materials are defined as materials that do not ignite, burn, support combustion or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. Materials that pass ASTM E 136 are considered noncombustible materials. ASTM E 136 describes a test method that measures any flaming of the material sample or if any of the material is consumed by fire. TOP

Periodic Inspection & Test of Fire Protection Systems – The annual inspection of fire protection systems is an extremely important requirement of the “Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005” to ensure that these systems will work correctly when they are needed. [section NFPA 1:4.5.8.4 as amended] Each year approximately 15,000 inspections and tests of fire sprinkler (other than multipurpose piping systems), suppression, emergency electrical generation, alarm, detection and other fire protection systems are conducted by technically qualified people who have obtained the required certificate of fitness according to section NFPA 1:1.13, as amended. The annual inspection and test is required to cover all intervals of testing frequency for the fire protection system but the owner is still responsible for the more frequent maintenance, inspection and testing of the fire protection system as required by the code. For instance, gauges on wet pipe sprinkler systems are required to be inspected monthly to ensure they are in good condition and that the normal water supply is being maintained. [section NFPA 25:5.2.4.1] A technically qualified person may train the owner to conduct this type of monthly inspection. The technically qualified person is required to file a written inspection report with the Division regional office within 14 days of completion of each annual inspection of a fire protection system. TOP

Permit for a Change of Ownership of a Place of Assembly – A place of assembly such as a restaurant or nightclub is required to be inspected and approved by the Division of Fire Safety any time there is a change of ownership, or there is an increase in the number of people that the place of assembly is designed for. [section NFPA 1:4.5.8.4 as amended] The inspection is necessary to ensure that a different arrangement of tables and chairs, changes to the interior finish or decorations, or an increase in the number of people does not present a risk to the public. TOP

Pumps for Residential and Domestic Fire Sprinkler Systems - Fire sprinkler protection is required for most new residential buildings and fire sprinkler protection makes sense for all residential building, whether the protection is required under the state fire code or not. NFPA 13R is the Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height and NFPA 13D is the Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-Two Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes. These fire sprinkler systems are designed to be more focused on life safety and use less water than standard fire sprinkler systems. This means the residential and domestic fire sprinkler systems cost less to install. In rural applications where a pump is needed for the water supply of a 13D or 13R fire sprinkler system there can also be savings by using a pump with a limited service controller. A limited service controller can be used with a single-phase electrical power supply and there are fewer regulations regarding the installation. Any controller is still required to meet the power source requirements of NFPA 70: 695.3. More specific requirements for the installation of a limited service controller are covered in NFPA 20: 7-7. Limited service controllers are permitted for any 13D or 13R fire sprinkler system. TOP

Reinforced Walls for Grab Bars – The Vermont Access Rules require reinforcement in bathroom walls to allow later installation of grab bars in both adaptable dwelling units and in dwelling units designed to meet “Act 88” or so-called “visitable units”. The reinforcement is required around the toilet, tub, shower stall and shower seat, where such facilities are provided. The minimum size for a reinforced area is 24” long by 6” wide, located between 32” and 38” above the floor. However, a larger reinforced area is actually needed to provide adequate reinforced area to attach standard size mounting brackets and flanges for grab bars. A longer reinforced area is also needed so that each end of the reinforced area is supported at wall studs. A 2” x 8” x 32” let into wall studs is a common solution. Another common solution is to provide plywood for reinforcement over a larger area. A larger reinforced area provides greater flexibility in placement of grab bars, easier installation of grab bars and the plywood may also act as the base for ceramic tile or other finish material. For details on the exact location of reinforced areas for differ types of fixtures use Chapter 6 of the Fair Housing Act Design Manual http://www.huduser.org/Publications/PDF/FAIRHOUSING/fairfull.pdf. TOP

Reporting of Fires – The owner, manager, occupant or any person in control of a building, must notify the fire department upon discovering an unwanted fire, regardless of the magnitude of the fire, or even if the fire has been apparently extinguished. The code prohibits any regulation or order that would require a person to take any unnecessary delaying action prior to reporting a fire to the fire department. It is a violation of the code to willfully make any misleading or false statements that mislead fire department personnel or interferes with fire department operations. [NFPA 1 section 10.7] TOP

Rubbish Removal - Combustible waste and rubbish is a common fire problem, as a material easily ignited and a material that contributes to the spread of a fire. Combustible waste and rubbish provides an easily target for an arson fire. To prevent rubbish fires:

Place dumpsters and similar rubbish containers at least 10 feet away from a building that is built of combustible construction such as wood. Measure from the roof overhang, porch or whatever is closest to the dumpster.
Place dumpsters and similar rubbish containers at least 10 feet away from any building opening such as windows or doors for a building that is built of noncombustible construction such as steel or concrete.
Place permanent barriers to keep a dumpster away from a building so the dumpster is not inadvertently left within 10 feet of the building.
Remove combustible waste and rubbish from buildings at least once each working day.
Use metal containers for combustible waste and rubbish, or nonmetallic containers that have been tested and labeled for meeting fire standards.
Use lids on containers that are greater than 40 gallon capacity.

For additional details on code requirements see the Uniform Fire Code, NFPA 1, section 19.2. TOP

Sensitivity Testing for Smoke Detectors – The National Fire Alarm Code (NFPA 72, 2002 edition) requires testing for the sensitivity of smoke detectors as part of the periodic testing of fire alarm systems under section 10.4.3.2. The sensitivity test is in addition to the functional test and is done to determine the alarm threshold of the detector and compare it to factory settings. There are several methods for sensitivity testing available under the code. Sensitivity testing by technically qualified people will continue to be enforced for all occupancies with “analog” type of fire alarm systems, however, for conventional fire alarm systems, sensitivity testing will be enforced only for health care occupancies, due to the practical difficulties encountered with sensitivity testing for conventional systems. Health care systems include hospitals, nursing homes, intermediate care facilities and ambulatory care facilities. TOP

Smoke Alarms (Detectors), Specific Location Requirements - The installation of smoke alarms (detectors) must be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and NFPA 72, the National Fire Alarm Code. Section 72:11.8.3.5 lists specific location requirements to improve reliability and avoid false alarms. Smoke alarms (detectors) must:

not be located where the humidity and temperature are outside of the limits specified by the manufacturer,
not be located where temperatures fall below 40 degrees or exceed 100 degrees,
be mounted on an inside wall or ceiling where outside walls or ceilings are poorly insulated,
be photoelectric, or have alarm-silencing, when installed within 20 feet of a cooking appliance,
not be installed within 36 inches from a door to a kitchen or bathroom containing a shower or tub,
not be installed within 36 inches from a supply register of a forced hot-air heating or cooling system,
not be installed within 36 inches from the tip of a blade of a fan suspended from a ceiling,
be located in a stairway so that an intervening door or obstruction does not prevent rising smoke from reaching the alarm (detector),
be located on the basement ceiling near the entry to the stairs. TOP

Smoke Alarms (photoelectric) – All newly installed smoke alarms, including replacement smoke alarms, are now required to be photoelectric. Combination photoelectric and ionization smoke alarms are not permitted. Existing ionization smoke alarms are not required to be replaced unless installed in dwelling units within 20’ of a cooking appliance, or within close proximity (3’) of a bathroom containing a shower or tub. Ionization smoke alarms in these areas are required to be replaced with photoelectric smoke alarms to avoid nuisance alarms. Combination photoelectric and carbon monoxide alarms are permitted. NFPA 1: 13.7.1.4.8.6

Smoke alarms (detectors) provide important notification to people so they have time to escape from a fire. The time to escape from a fire is short and people need time to react and move to escape a fire, particularly when they have been sleeping, or are otherwise impaired.

How fast smoke alarms react to a fire has been the subject of research for over 40 years by organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Fire Protection Association, Underwriters Laboratories, the U. S. Fire Administration and similar organizations. Findings from a 2004 study indicated that the burning characteristics of synthetic materials used in modern furniture and construction materials have reduced the margin of time available for escape, between when a smoke alarm first activates and the area becomes untenable for people, compared to studies done in 1975.

The lack of properly operating smoke alarms is a direct factor in fatal fires in Vermont. Smoke alarms were not operating in 86% of the fatal fires in Vermont during 1996-2005. Smoke alarms were not present in 38% of those fires, but smoke alarms were present in 32% of those fires but failed to operate soon enough to allow time for the people to escape. The placement of smoke alarms, the proper maintenance of smoke alarms and the type of smoke alarm are all factors why smoke alarms do not operate soon enough to allow time for people to escape.

There are two different types of smoke alarms in common use. Most smoke alarms used in dwelling units are ionization smoke alarms that react quickly to flaming fires from all types of fuels. However, smoldering fires are inherently different from flaming fires. According to NIST, “…ionization detectors have been shown to sometimes fail to alarm in a smoldering fire even when visibility in the room is significantly degraded by smoke.” Photoelectric smoke alarms react faster than ionization smoke alarms to smoldering fires.TOP

Smoke Alarm Testing – Smoke alarms are required to be tested periodically to ensure that they are working properly. Both single and multiple station smoke alarms in multi-family dwellings are required to be tested monthly by the dwelling unit tenant or owner following the manufacturer’s instructions. Certain building uses, such as hotels & dormitories, use a combination of corridor smoke detection and single and multiple station smoke alarms as part of the required fire detection, alarm and communication system. Single and multiple station smoke alarms installed in buildings other than multi-family dwellings are required to be inspected and tested as part of the fire alarms system. Fire alarm systems are required to be inspected and tested at least annually covering all intervals of testing frequency for the system. A person certified under the code must do the inspection and testing of the fire alarm system. The certified person must include the single and multiple station smoke alarms in the testing being performed and any documentation on the system. [National Fire Alarm Code Chapter10] TOP

Sprinkler Systems - Bars, Nightclubs and Similar Buildings - Effective October 22, 2005, all new and existing bars, nightclubs and similar buildings with 100 or more people have been required to install automatic fire sprinkler systems. Bars, dance halls, discotheques, nightclubs and the use of festival seating (where no seating other than the floor is provided for the audience) are characterized by some or all of the following: a high density of people, alcohol consumption, late operating times, live or recorded entertainment, dance areas, low lighting levels and stage or platform areas for performing. A theater or opera house with fixed seating is not classified under this section. TOP

Tents, Canopies and Membrane Structures - During the summer months a large number of restaurants and stores in Vermont use tents to expand their space and attract more customers. Tents often dot the landscape for field days and community fairs. The classification of tents also includes canopies and membrane structures. Tents used by the public are classified as a public building and are regulated under codes enforced by the division. Tents used for events that are not open to the public, such as tents located at private clubs, are regulated under the codes. Tents used for private gatherings at owner occupied single-family dwellings are not regulated. An additional permit is required to erect or operate a tent in excess of 1200 square feet.

The safety concerns of the regulations focus on:

All tent fabrics are required to be flame resistant.
Adequate exiting must be provided from any tent when there are sides to the tent. Guy wires or ropes are not permitted to cross any means of egress at a height of less than 7’ and where more than one tent is located at the same site there must be 10’ between stake lines.
Fuel tanks or containers must be located outside of any tent and be located at least 5’ from any tent, secured in the upright position and protected from vehicle traffic.
The space within a tent and within 10’ of a tent must be kept free of combustible material and vegetation except for animal bedding and fodder in quantities approved by the AHJ. TOP

Unvented Heaters – Unvented room heaters and unvented fireplaces are not permitted in any building or structure regulated under the “Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005”. This state amendment is intended to prevent a build up of carbon monoxide from fuel burning appliances in normal room size areas. It is not the intent of the code to prohibit unvented heaters that are designed for use in large open areas in industrial buildings or buildings of similar size. Additional details are provided under the state amendment for NFPA 1:11.5.1.4.4. Single-family owner occupied dwellings, family residence registered day care and certain buildings on working farms are nor regulated under the “Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code – 2005”. TOP

Valuation of Construction – The total valuation of new construction or rehabilitation work is the basis for payment of the construction permit fee. For projects that involve volunteer labor, donated material, or a similar practice, the value of the donated material, labor and services must be included in the valuation of the construction work when calculating the construction permit fee. Besides the valuation of material and labor the construction valuation also includes site work, fixed building equipment, consulting and design services. The valuation of electrical, plumbing and elevator work must be included in the total valuation of construction. A licensed electrician, plumber or elevator mechanic is also required to file a work notice with the Division of Fire Safety. The current construction permit fee established by the Vermont Legislature is $4.50 per each $1,000 of rehabilitation work for buildings constructed before 1983. The fee is $5.50 per each $1,000 of construction valuation work for all other rehabilitation, addition or new construction work. The Division of Fire Safety may use the ICC Building Valuation table or other means to verify the valuation of construction. TOP

Vertical Platform Lifts – A vertical platform lift is defined as a powered hoisting and lowering mechanism designed to transport mobility-impaired persons on a guided platform that travels vertically. A vertical platform lift may or may not be installed in a shaft. The installation of a vertical platform lift requires the following permit application and work notices to be filed with the division of fire safety:

Construction permit - Vermont Fire & Building Safety Code, Vermont Access Rules. This permit includes the location of the lift in regards to egress, fire separation between floors, construction materials and the access to and usability of the lift by people with disabilities. The fee is based on the construction valuation of the work that is being done including the cost of the lift. A vertical platform lift may be installed in new construction in only limited circumstances as outlined in ADAAG section 4.1.3 (5) exception 4. A vertical platform lift may be installed in existing buildings in lieu of a passenger or LULA elevator, for the path of travel to a primary function area, where the cost of an elevator is disproportionate or where the only alteration to an existing building is to provide access for the building for people with disabilities. The Vermont Access Board must approve any other use of vertical platform lifts.
Electrical work notice – Electrical Safety Rules. The work notice filed by the licensed electrician covers the power supply for the lift and any building wiring or devices associated with the lift such as electrical lights, receptacles or fire alarm devices. The fee for the platform lift work notice is $40.
Conveyance work notice – Elevator Safety Rules. The work notice filed by the licensed elevator or lift mechanic covers the alteration or installation of the platform lift device. The fee for the work notice is $25. TOP

Wood Veneers - The use of wood veneer is limited in new buildings that have non-combustible exterior walls, such as concrete or steel, to limit exterior fire spread and protect building exposures. Wood veneer is required to be not less than 1" nominal thickness, 0.438" exterior hardboard siding or 0.375" exterior type wood structural panels or particle board and is limited in use to three stories in height from grade. The wood veneer is required to be attached to or furred from a non-combustible backing that has a fire-resistance rating as required by the code. Fire-retardant treated wood is permitted for use as wood veneer to four stories in height from grade. [IBC 1405.4] TOP

Specific questions should be directed to your local regional office or the chief fire prevention officer.

Vermont Department of Public Safety | Division of Fire Safety | Telephone: 802.479.7561
This page last edited October 20, 2009 | Send Comments/Suggestions